Rust pointers

Pointers/References

let foo = String::new("hi");
&foo   // `&` get reference to foo

let ref = &foo;
*ref   // `*` de-reference to get foo instance

Smart Pointers

The standard library implements some reusable smart-pointers to handle edge-cases.
Libraries may implment their own smart-pointers (and so can you).

Pointer Relevant Traits

• Deref alters how the de-reference operator (*) behaves
• DerefMut alters how the de-reference operator (*) behaves for mutable references
• Drop alters the object's destructor, normally run when the object falls out of scope.

Box<T>

Box types let you represent recursive types, where the total size is unknown at compile time,
by replacing your type with a pointer to it.

The docs use the example of a recursive enum.
An Enum's size is determined by it's largest possible value.
If an enum refers to an instance of itself the compiler is unable to determine it's size.

The box type allocates your object to the heap, and returns a pointer to it.
Pointers have a known size, so you can assign that instead.
Also, it implements the Deref trait, which allows you to use box as if it were a reference to the object you assigned to it.

#[derive(Debug)]
enum Path {
    Dir(String, Box<Path>),
    File(String),
}

impl Path {
    fn file(file: &str) -> Box<Path> {
        Box::new(
            Path::File(file.to_string())
        )
    }

    fn dir(dir: &str, path: Box<Path>) -> Box<Path> {
        Box::new(
            Path::Dir(dir.to_string(), path)
        )
    }
}

fn main() {
    let mypath = Path::dir("/var", Path::dir("/tmp", Path::file("/foo.txt")));
    dbg!(mypath);
}

Rc<T>