Outside of the main python language features (which are unlikely to change), this documents individual python modules (internal and external). Some of these are referenced outside of this document (those I find most useful), but consider this to be the master list.

Authentication

python pyjwt

python htpasswd

python crypt

python bcrypt

python passlib

python keyring

Data Analytics

python pandas

python scipy

python numpy

Databases

sqlalchemy Interface that abstracts different database types. Also provides an ORM.

mysql-python python2x bindings to the C MySQL API

pymysql pure python mysql interface for python2/3

psycopg2 postgres database interface

couchdb-python python interface for couchdb

python-pouchdb python bindings to interact with pouchdb(javascript)

sqlite3 builtin support for sqlite

python couchbase lite c python client for couchbase-lite-c

python redis python client for redis

Data Serialization

python csv builtin csv parsing

configobj nested .ini files

configparser ini file reader/writer

json json module

yaml yaml parsing modules

etree builtin XML parser

feedparser reading RSS feeds

Data Visualization

python matplotlib bargraphs, scatterplots, etc

python termplotlib aims to be equiv to matplotlib, but rendered in ascii

python manim create math animations (used by 3blue 1brown)

Debuggers

python pdb the official builtin debugger

python ipdb the ipython debugger, built overtop of pdb with colours, tab-completion, and enhanced featureset

python trepan Formerly pydbgr, pygdb, extends pdb to include features from gdb.

python pudb TUI console deugger, that shows your code while debugging.

gdb#python debug frameworks that were compiled in C/Cpp (qt, etc).

File Management

GitPython python interface for git

tarfile tarfile

zipfile zipfile

Freezing/Compiling

cython compile python to C/C++

cx_freeze freeze python into executables

pyoxidizer embed python in rust executable (single file executable, statically linked)

py2exe py2exe allows you to compile python executables for windows

python nuitka native executable compiler for python

Linting

pylint automated checks for your codebase's consistency with the various PEPs, and established bad practices.

Media

python wave read/write wav files

python pyaudio (external) cross platform audio recording/playback

python samplerate (external) algorithms to modify wavfile samplerates (numpy arrays)

python wavio (external) wavfile to numpy conversions and back

python resampy (external) manipulate wavfile samplerates in numpy arrays

Misc

openpyxl Interface with Excel Speadsheets (.xlsx)

pypdf2 PDF authoring/manipulation

pypdf4 PDF authoring/manipulation

pdfrw PDF authoring/manipulation

pdfreader read/extract info from pdfs

icalendar icalendar .ics read/write tool

hashlib md5, sha, ... hashing library

lockfile entirely cross-platform lock/pid file mechanism

datetime native python object for managing times, timezones

pytz timezone info for python

ctypes interfaces with C libraries.

interface java-style interface implementation in python.

docutils convert between text formats (html, man, tex, xml, rst, ...)

python orgparse parse org mode files, clock times, etc.

Operating Systems

General

pyxdg XDG-compatible config,data,cache directory finding

python-daemon facilitates daemon start/stop and pidfiles

watchdog observes filesystem events, notifies python callables.

pyautogui cross-platform keystroke, mouse, and selection controls

Unix

pydbus Python interface for dbus

python-xlib xlib bindings for python (Xorg)

python xcffib xcb bindings for python (Xorg)

Windows

python pyhook grab user-keystrokes

python pywin32 the win32 com interface, exposed to python

python msilib python bindings for windows installer API

Packaging

setuptools creating/installing software distrobutions (and uploading to PyPi).

virtualenv safely manage a set of python requirements within an environment

Performance Testing

cProfile python's builtin profiling software. The basis for most other profiling tools.

pprofile line-profiling.

line_profiler after identifying a problem area, line_profiler allows you to test your code line-by-line.

runSnakeRun My favourite profiling tool. This has saved my hide an inummerable amount of times.

python snakeviz Decent profiling tool, supports python3

vprof Hierarchical view of your code, and how long it took to run. Provides heat maps for how long each line in your code took to run.

timeit watches time it take to run code

gitviewer This was mentioned in one of Alex Gaynor's(Pypy) talks about the speed of python . I haven't been able to find it online. It is supposed to show each line of code, it's speed, it's call to the Python VM, and it's sysCall. It was supposed to be a tool for helping you identify good/bad code practices.

pympler memory profiler for python

objgraph find memory leaks by filtering/identifying instances, and examing their parent graph using graphviz

resource bulitin library to examine/manage progam's python resource usage (memory etc)

Progam Extension

taskw python taskwarrior API

Proprietary APIs

python boto3 amazon S3 client

Refactoring

pycharm A python IDE. honestly, best refactoring experience I've seen for python.

rope A refactoring library for python

Sockets/RPC

netifaces cross-platform python API for network interfaces/connections

flask RPC/Rest API tools (requires a webserver)

json-rpc (Remote Procedure Call) using JSON (works over web sockets)

Static Types

python typing

python mypy

Speech To Text

python SpeechRecognition abstracts several speech-to-text backends, listens on mic

mozilla deepspeech one speech-to-text backend, with python bindings

python pocketsphinx python bindings for CMUsphinx speech-to-text

python pyjsgf helper library for working with JSGF files (defines command grammar)

Templating

python jinja2 templating language

python mako templating language

User Interfaces

GUI

python qt

python wx

CLI

argparse CLI argument parser

docopt CLI argument parser

prompt_toolkit syntax-highlighting, tab-completion, repl... so easy it's sexy

pygments syntax-highlighting, and printing colours to console

TUI

python curses lowlevel graphics rendering library for the terminal

python notcurses python bindings for notcurses C library

python urwid modern tex-interfaces using widgets (built on top of curses)

python reprint simple way of reprinting multiple lines on a console

Unit Testing

pytest (++) A-Mazing test-runner AND unittest framework.

mock (++) test/fake function results for unittests

pytest-cov test code-coverage while testing in pytest

coverage

unittest A unittesting framework based off of the popular XUnit library.

unittest2 ??

pyfakefs mock out the filesystem in memory

pyramid ??

nose customized unittest runner (unmaintained)

nose2 followup to nose

tox run unittests in multiple versions of python at once (using virtualenvs)

dox similar to tox, but runs multiple versions of python in multiple linux distrobutions by using docker on the back-end.

Web

python adblock python wrapper for brave's adblocker

python requests less verbose http requests

python http tools for http servers, requests, cookies

python graphene build graphql apis

python flask dynamic web interface, REST api, etc.

python django website creation framework

python gunicorn WSGI Servers

python uvicorn ASGI Servers

sqlalchemy	Interface that abstracts different database types. Also provides an ORM.
mysql-python	python2x bindings to the C MySQL API
pymysql	pure python mysql interface for python2/3
psycopg2	postgres database interface
couchdb-python	python interface for couchdb
python-pouchdb	python bindings to interact with pouchdb(javascript)
sqlite3	builtin support for sqlite
python couchbase lite c	python client for couchbase-lite-c
python redis	python client for redis

python csv	builtin csv parsing
configobj	nested .ini files
configparser	ini file reader/writer
json	json module
yaml	yaml parsing modules
etree	builtin XML parser
feedparser	reading RSS feeds

python matplotlib	bargraphs, scatterplots, etc
python termplotlib	aims to be equiv to matplotlib, but rendered in ascii
python manim	create math animations (used by 3blue 1brown)

python pdb	the official builtin debugger
python ipdb	the ipython debugger, built overtop of pdb with colours, tab-completion, and enhanced featureset
python trepan	Formerly pydbgr, pygdb, extends pdb to include features from gdb.
python pudb	TUI console deugger, that shows your code while debugging.
gdb#python	debug frameworks that were compiled in C/Cpp (qt, etc).


GitPython		python interface for git
tarfile		tarfile
zipfile		zipfile

cython	compile python to C/C++
cx_freeze	freeze python into executables
pyoxidizer	embed python in rust executable (single file executable, statically linked)
py2exe	py2exe allows you to compile python executables for windows
python nuitka	native executable compiler for python


pylint		automated checks for your codebase's consistency with the various PEPs, and established bad practices.

python wave	read/write wav files
python pyaudio	(external) cross platform audio recording/playback
python samplerate	(external) algorithms to modify wavfile samplerates (numpy arrays)
python wavio	(external) wavfile to numpy conversions and back
python resampy	(external) manipulate wavfile samplerates in numpy arrays


openpyxl		Interface with Excel Speadsheets (.xlsx)
pypdf2		PDF authoring/manipulation
pypdf4		PDF authoring/manipulation
pdfrw		PDF authoring/manipulation
pdfreader		read/extract info from pdfs
icalendar		icalendar .ics read/write tool
hashlib		md5, sha, ... hashing library
lockfile		entirely cross-platform lock/pid file mechanism
datetime		native python object for managing times, timezones
pytz		timezone info for python
ctypes		interfaces with C libraries.
interface		java-style interface implementation in python.
docutils		convert between text formats (html, man, tex, xml, rst, ...)
python orgparse		parse org mode files, clock times, etc.

pyxdg	XDG-compatible config,data,cache directory finding
python-daemon	facilitates daemon start/stop and pidfiles
watchdog	observes filesystem events, notifies python callables.
pyautogui	cross-platform keystroke, mouse, and selection controls


pydbus		Python interface for dbus
python-xlib		xlib bindings for python (Xorg)
python xcffib		xcb bindings for python (Xorg)

python pyhook	grab user-keystrokes
python pywin32	the win32 com interface, exposed to python
python msilib	python bindings for windows installer API


setuptools	creating/installing software distrobutions (and uploading to PyPi).
virtualenv	safely manage a set of python requirements within an environment


cProfile	python's builtin profiling software. The basis for most other profiling tools.
pprofile	line-profiling.
line_profiler	after identifying a problem area, line_profiler allows you to test your code line-by-line.
runSnakeRun	My favourite profiling tool. This has saved my hide an inummerable amount of times.
python snakeviz	Decent profiling tool, supports python3
vprof	Hierarchical view of your code, and how long it took to run. Provides heat maps for how long each line in your code took to run.
timeit	watches time it take to run code
gitviewer	This was mentioned in one of Alex Gaynor's(Pypy) talks about the speed of python . I haven't been able to find it online. It is supposed to show each line of code, it's speed, it's call to the Python VM, and it's sysCall. It was supposed to be a tool for helping you identify good/bad code practices.
pympler	memory profiler for python
objgraph	find memory leaks by filtering/identifying instances, and examing their parent graph using graphviz
resource	bulitin library to examine/manage progam's python resource usage (memory etc)


pycharm		A python IDE. honestly, best refactoring experience I've seen for python.
rope		A refactoring library for python


netifaces		cross-platform python API for network interfaces/connections
flask		RPC/Rest API tools (requires a webserver)
json-rpc		(Remote Procedure Call) using JSON (works over web sockets)

python SpeechRecognition	abstracts several speech-to-text backends, listens on mic
mozilla deepspeech	one speech-to-text backend, with python bindings
python pocketsphinx	python bindings for CMUsphinx speech-to-text
python pyjsgf	helper library for working with JSGF files (defines command grammar)

python jinja2	templating language
python mako	templating language


argparse		CLI argument parser
docopt		CLI argument parser
prompt_toolkit		syntax-highlighting, tab-completion, repl... so easy it's sexy
pygments		syntax-highlighting, and printing colours to console

python curses	lowlevel graphics rendering library for the terminal
python notcurses	python bindings for notcurses C library
python urwid	modern tex-interfaces using widgets (built on top of curses)
python reprint	simple way of reprinting multiple lines on a console

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Python libraries